Abstract: With the acceleration of global population aging, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has witnessed a continuous rise in incidence worldwide, posing an increasingly severe threat to socio-economic development and public health. The recent clinical application of immunobiological agents—particularly lecanemab and donanemab—has introduced renewed therapeutic prospects for AD, a condition previously lacking effective disease-modifying treatments. Consequently, immunotherapy has emerged as a focal point in AD therapeutic research. This review aims to summarize recent advances in novel immunotherapeutic strategies for AD, with emphasis on three critical areas: amyloid-beta (Aβ)-targeted immunotherapy, anti-tau protein therapeutics, and immunomodulatory combined with interventions targeting neuroinflammation. Following an analysis of the distinct immunological characteristics of the central and peripheral systems in elderly individuals, we propose future perspectives for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches in AD.

Key words: Alzheimer’s disease, immunotherapy, neuroinflammation, amyloid β-protein, tau protein