Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cerebrovascular disease (CVD) frequently coexist in the elderly population, forming mixed dementia, which is the most common and clinically complex type of cognitive impairment in late life. The synergistic interaction between cerebrovascular lesions and the core pathology of AD significantly accelerates cognitive decline. Furthermore, elderly patients often present with multiple comorbidities and polypharmacy, further complicating clinical management. With recent advancements in multimodal neuroimaging, plasma biomarkers, and artificial intelligence, precise subtyping and early diagnosis of AD complicated with CVD have become feasible. Comprehensive management should be grounded in the physiological characteristics of the elderly, encompassing the control of vascular risk factors, individualized pharmacological interventions, cognitive rehabilitation, exercise, and nutritional support. A multidisciplinary collaborative approach is essential to establish a holistic management pathway from initial screening to long-term follow-up. This article systematically reviews the pathological interaction mechanisms, stratified diagnostic strategies, and integrated management protocols to provide an evidence-based and actionable clinical framework for elderly patients.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is often accompanied by a spectrum of neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), which accelerate disease progression, reduce the quality of life of patients, and increase the caregiving burden. However, early identification and effective intervention for AD-related NPS currently face significant challenges. This review summarizes the clinical manifestations, assessment methods, and intervention strategies for AD with NPS, aiming to provide references for the early identification and clinical management of NPS.

With the acceleration of global population aging, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder, has witnessed a continuous rise in incidence worldwide, posing an increasingly severe threat to socio-economic development and public health. The recent clinical application of immunobiological agents—particularly lecanemab and donanemab—has introduced renewed therapeutic prospects for AD, a condition previously lacking effective disease-modifying treatments. Consequently, immunotherapy has emerged as a focal point in AD therapeutic research. This review aims to summarize recent advances in novel immunotherapeutic strategies for AD, with emphasis on three critical areas: amyloid-beta (Aβ)-targeted immunotherapy, anti-tau protein therapeutics, and immunomodulatory combined with interventions targeting neuroinflammation. Following an analysis of the distinct immunological characteristics of the central and peripheral systems in elderly individuals, we propose future perspectives for the development of immunotherapeutic approaches in AD.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline and functional impairment. Its prolonged and insidious progression highlights the urgent need for effective disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Lecanemab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets soluble amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers and protofibrils, is among the first DMTs approved by international regulatory agencies for the treatment of early-stage AD. In recent years, accumulating evidences from randomized clinical trials, long-term extension studies, and multiple real-world cohorts have provided a clearer understanding of its efficacy and safety. This review summarizes the pharmacological characteristics of lecanemab, key clinical findings, biomarker responses, adverse event profiles, and management strategies. Furthermore, drawing on emerging real-world data from China, we discuss its potential implications for clinical practice and explore future directions by addressing current research controversies and cutting-edge advancements to support the standardized management of cognitive impairment in older adults.

Objective To explore the characteristics of vaginal microenvironment changes in elderly patients with cervical cancer, and to construct and validate an early-warning prognostic risk model for elderly patients with cervical cancer. Methods A total of 129 elderly patients with cervical cancer admitted to the Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to January 2021 were selected as the training set. An additional 76 elderly patients with cervical cancer admitted to the same hospital from February 2021 to August 2022 were selected as the validation set. Based on therapeutic efficacy evaluation, patients in the training set were divided into a good prognosis group (71 cases) and a poor prognosis group (58 cases). Vaginal secretions and cervical epithelial cells were collected from all patients to analyze the relationships among high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, vaginal microenvironment changes and prognosis. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for prognosis and a risk predictive model was constructed. The diagnostic performance of the model was evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (H-L) test. Results The proportion of vaginal pH＞4.5, and the positive rates of Lactobacilli, leukocyte esterase, coagulase, β-glucuronidase and Candida in the HR-HPV infection group were significantly different from those in the non-infection group (P<0.05). The proportion of vaginal pH, ＞4.5, and the positive rates of H₂O₂, leukocyte esterase, sialidase, coagulase, β-glucuronidase, Lactobacilli, Candida, Ureaplasma urealyticum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Gardnerella pneumoniae, and HR-HPV in the poor prognosis group were statistically different compared with those in the good prognosis group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Vaginal pH>4.5, H₂O₂ positivity, low levels of Lactobacilli, Ureaplasma urealyticum positivity, Chlamydia trachomatis positivity, and HR-HPV positivity were independent risk factors for poor prognosis of elderly patients with cervical cancer. The area under the curve (AUC) for the model predicting prognosis in the training set was 0.855(95%CI:0.782-0.911,P<0.001), with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.83% and 69.01%, respectively. In the validation set, the AUC was 0.864(95%CI:0.792-0.918,P<0.001), with a sensitivity and specificity of 89.66% and 74.65%, respectively. Goodness-of-fit tests indicated that the model fitted well both in the training set (χ²=4.640, P=0.326) and the validation set (χ²=1.827, P=0.767). Conclusions The prognostic risk predictive model for elderly patients with cervical cancer developed based on the vaginal microenvironment demonstrates excellent diagnostic performance. It can serve as a valuable reference for clinical risk stratification and the formulation of targeted intervention strategies for this population.

Objective To explore the impact of social frailty (SF) on long-term prognosis in the elderly patients with stable chronic heart failure(CHF). Methods A total of 215 patients with stable CHF who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria from January 1, 2022 to June 30, 2024 were selected as the research subjects. All the patients received standardized guideline-directed drug therapy and rehabilitation. The general clinical data of the patients were recorded and SF was evaluated using the Help, Participation, Loneliness, Financial, Talk (HALFT) scale. The patients were followed up, with the endpoint event being major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and the follow-up was terminated on June 30, 2025. Survival curves and Cox regression were used to explore the impact of SF on MACE. Results Among the 215 patients, 126 had SF, with a prevalence rate of 58.6%. The 1-year and 3-year MACE-free survival rates in the SF group were 84.1% and 60.5%, while those in the non-SF group were 89.9% and 76.6%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier curve analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the MACE-free survival curves between the SF group and the non-SF group (χ²=4.425, P=0.035). After adjusting for comorbidities, NYHA heart function classification, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, and left ventricular ejection fraction in the multivariate Cox regression, SF was found to be an independent risk factor for MACE. Conclusions SF is common in elderly CHF patients and is an independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes in stable CHF patients.

Objective To investigate the predictive value of combining intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO₂) with preoperative serum levels of phosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (pNF-H) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for postoperative delirium (POD) in the elderly patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods From February 2022 to February 2025, A total of 225 elderly CRC patients undergoing radical surgery at Linyi Central Hospital were enrolled. They were divided into POD and non-POD groups based on the occurrence of POD. Intraoperative rSO₂ was continuously monitored at different time points, and the rSO₂ fluctuation rate was calculated. Preoperative serum levels of pNF-H and BDNF were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors influencing POD. The predictive value of individual and combined indicators for POD was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results The POD group exhibited significantly higher levels of surgical duration, serum levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), S100 calcium-binding protein β (S100β), and pNF-H compared to the non-POD group, while serum BDNF levels were lower (P<0.05). The rSO₂ fluctuation rate was significantly higher in the POD group than that in the non-POD group(P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that surgical duration, PGE2, S100β protein, rSO₂ fluctuation rate, pNF-H, and BDNF were independent factors influencing POD (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for predicting POD using the combination of rSO₂ fluctuation rate, serum pNF-H, and BDNF was 0.907, significantly higher than the AUC of rSO₂ fluctuation rate alone (AUC=0.805, Z=2.892, P=0.003), pNF-H alone (AUC=0.767, Z=4.141, P<0.001), and BDNF alone (AUC=0.784, Z=2.834, P=0.005). Conclusions The combination of serum pNF-H and BDNF levels with intraoperative rSO₂ fluctuation rate demonstrates high predictive value for the occurrence of POD in elderly CRC patients, which may aid in the early identification and intervention for high-risk individuals.

Objective To explore the effectiveness and feasibility of transorbital ultrasound measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in the early diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in elderly patients with critical neurological disease. Methods A total of 122 patients with neurocritical diseases who underwent continuous ICP monitoring after surgery and were admitted to the Geriatric Intensive Care Unit (ICU) and Geriatric ICU 2 ward of Jiangsu Province Hospital from August 2022 to August 2024 were selected. General information such as age, gender, primary disease, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of the patients was collected.All the patients were divided into a non-elderly group (＜60 years old, 60 cases) and an elderly group (≥60 years old, 62 cases) by age, and into a male group (66 cases) and a female group (56 cases) by gender. All patients underwent implantation of an invasive ICP monitoring probe via the lateral ventricle during the operation to monitor ICP. ONSD at 3 mm behind the eyeball was measured by transorbital ultrasound. The optimal cut-off value of ONSD for diagnosing increased ICP was analyzed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve, and the sensitivity and specificity were calculated. Results A significant positive correlation was observed between ONSD and ICP in both the non-elderly group, the elderly group, and the overall patient cohort (r=0.905, 0.909, 0.907, respectively, all P<0.01). Additionally, the scatter plot indicated a quadratic relationship between ONSD and ICP. As ICP levels increased, ONSD exhibited a non-linear growth trend characterized by an initial rapid expansion followed by a subsequent plateauing. There was a statistically significant difference in ONSD between male and female patients (P<0.01). ROC curve analysis showed that the optimal cut-off value of ONSD for diagnosing increased ICP (ICP≥20 mmHg) was 5.365 mm in male patients with a sensitivity of 0.933, and a specificity of 0.923; In female patients, the optimal ONSD cut-off value was 4.950 mm, with a sensitivity of 0.934 and a specificity of 0.938. Conclusions ONSD increases with ICP, but their relationship is quadratic; The optimal critical value for diagnosing ICP elevation by ONSD varies among patients of different genders, but it is not related to age. Bedside transorbital ultrasound measurement of ONSD can well determine the changes in ICP and has high clinical application value, which is worthy of promotion.

Objective To investigate the impact and diagnostic value of triglyceride glucose (TyG) index and serum uric acid (SUA)/high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ratio (UHR) for the occurence of diabetic kidney disease (DKD) in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 251 elderly T2DM patients hospitalized in Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, from February 2023 to October 2025. According to whether they were complicated with DKD, all patients were divided into simple T2DM group (n=150) and combined DKD group (n=101). Baseline characteristics, biochemical parameters, TyG index and UHR were compared between the two groups. Spearman correlation analysis was adopted to assess the relationships among TyG index, UHR and other parameters. Binary logistic regression was applied to identify the risk factors for DKD. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn to analyze the diagnostic value of TyG index, UHR and combined detection for DKD. Results The levels of TyG index and UHR in the combined DKD group were higher than those in the simple T2DM group (P＜0.05). The TyG index was positively correlated with BMI, HbA1c, FPG, TG, TC, LDL-C, SUA, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio(UACR) and UHR, and negatively correlated with HDL-C. UHR was positively correlated with BMI, DM duration, SBP, TG, SUA, Scr, UACR and TyG index, and negatively correlated with TC, HDL-C and eGFR (P＜0.05). Both TyG index and UHR were independent risk factors for the occurrence of DKD (P＜0.05). The areas under the curve for the diagnosis of DKD were 0.765 for TyG index alone, 0.831 for UHR alone, and 0.882 for their combination, respectively. The diagnostic efficacy of the combined detection was superior to that of any single indicator (both P＜0.05). Conclusions The TyG index and UHR are closely related to DKD progression in elderly patients with T2DM. The combined detection of these two indicators demonstrates higher diagnostic efficacy than either indicator alone.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor combined with chemotherapy in elderly patients with locoregionally recurrent esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Methods This study enrolled 94 elderly patients with ESCC who presented with locoregional recurrence after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and received PD-1 inhibitor combined with chemotherapy at Jiangsu Cancer Hospital from 2018 to 2024. The short-term efficacy, long-term outcomes, and adverse reactions were recorded. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression models were established to identify the factors influencing overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). Results The Objective response rate (ORR) was 28.7% (27/94) with a disease control rate (DCR) of 87.2% (82/94). With a median follow-up of 26.1 months, the median OS and median PFS were 13.1 months (95%CI: 10.2-16) and 8.6 months (95%CI: 5.9-11.3), respectively. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that post-recurrence Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and response to treatment were significantly associated with both OS and PFS, while recurrence pattern was significantly associated with PFS (all P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified that post-recurrence ECOG performance status was independent influencing factor for OS, and post-recurrence ECOG performance status, recurrence pattern, and response to treatment were independent influencing factors for PFS. A total of 82 patients (87.2%) presented with treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs), and 22 patients (23.4%) experienced ≥grade 3 events. Common TRAEs included hematologic toxicity and hepatic/renal dysfunction. Immune-related adverse events were also observed. No treatment-related deaths occurred. Conclusions PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy in elderly patients demonstrate a favorable safety profile and significant efficacy for locoregionally recurrent ESCC after definitive radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy, representing a viable therapeutic option for survival benefit.

Objective To investigate the impact of preoperative frailty on surgical site infection (SSI) after partial hepatectomy in elderly patients, and to identify associated risk factors for infection. Methods A total of 224 patients aged ≥60 years who were scheduled for elective partial hepatectomy at the Hepatobiliary Center of Jiangsu Province Hospital from January to December 2024 were enrolled. Preoperative frailty was assessed on admission using the FRAIL scale (frailty defined as a score ≥3). Data on demographics, comorbidities, preoperative laboratory indices, and perioperative variables were collected. Patients were grouped according to the occurrence of postoperative SSI for comparison. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for SSI. Results Among the 224 patients, 61 were frail and 163 were non-frail, with a preoperative frailty prevalence of 27.23%. Postoperative SSI occurred in 28 patients (12.50%). The incidence rate of SSI was significantly higher in the frailty group than that in the non-frailty group (29.51% vs 6.13%, P<0.001). Multivariable logistic regression identified that preoperative frailty (OR=7.720, 95%CI: 1.502-39.671, P=0.014), elevated preoperative C-reactive protein (OR=3.399, 95%CI: 1.971-5.861), higher platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR=1.026, 95%CI: 1.009-1.044), and longer operative time (OR=1.019, 95%CI: 1.007-1.031) were independent risk factors for SSI. Conclusions Preoperative frailty significantly increases the risk of SSI in elderly patients undergoing partial hepatectomy. Routine preoperative frailty screening and risk stratification, together with targeted perioperative management incorporating inflammatory markers and operative time, may help reduce the incidence of SSI.

Objective To investigate the effect of individualized positive end-expiratory pressure (iPEEP) on quality of recovery in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. Methods A total of sixty elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer were selected and divided into iPEEP group (group P) and control group (group C) using the random number table method, with 30 patients in each group. In group P, the patients received positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) titration test at immediately after intubation, immediately after establishing pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position and immediately after ending pneumoperitoneum. The patients in group C received zero PEEP during procedure. The heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD), and end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure (PetCO₂) were recorded at 5 minutes after tracheal intubation (T₁), 30 minutes(T₂), 60 minutes (T₃)after pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position establishment, and 10 minutes after the end of pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position (T₄). The postoperative recovery time (ΔT₁), respiratory recovery time (ΔT₂), extubation time (ΔT₃), orientation recovery time (ΔT₄), and sedation-agitation scale (SAS) were also recorded. The occurrence of postoperative delirium(POD) and postoperative nausea and vomiting were recorded. Results Compared with group C, the MAP in group P were significantly decreased at T₃, and ΔT₂ and ΔT₄ were shortened, and the SAS score was decreased(P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in ONSD between the two groups during the operation. One case of POD occurred in the group C on the first day after surgery, and no severe cognitive dysfunction occurred in either group. Conclusions The lung-protective ventilation strategy with iPEEP does not affect the intracranial pressure of patients during the operation and can improve the quality of postoperative recovery in elderly patients with colorectal cancer receiving laparoscopic radical resection.

Objective Based on the Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway, this study aimed to investigate the impact of blood pressure control on ischemic stroke in elderly patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and hypertension, and to analyze the mediating role of blood pressure control in the stroke risk reduction associated with the ABC pathway. Methods A case-control study was conducted including patients aged ≥65 years with NVAF and hypertension hospitalized at Jiangsu Province Offical Hospital between August 2019 and November 2023. The case group comprised 182 patients with ischemic stroke, and the control group consisted of 364 stroke-free patients matched at a 1∶2 ratio. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with stroke risk, and the Bootstrap method was applied to examine the mediating effect of blood pressure control. Results The proportion of patients with uncontrolled blood pressure [systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥140 mmHg] was significantly higher in the case group than that in the control group (65.40% vs 41.48%, P<0.01), while the rate of full adherence to the ABC pathway was significantly lower in the case group (8.80% vs 28.60%, P<0.001). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that, compared with no adherence to any component of the ABC pathway, full adherence was associated with an 89% reduction in stroke risk (OR=0.11, 95%CI: 0.04-0.31). Uncontrolled blood pressure (OR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.57-3.61) was independent risk factor for stroke. Mediation analysis indicated that 26.10% of the total effect of the ABC pathway on stroke risk was mediated through the reduction of SBP (indirect effect estimate=-0.165, Bootstrap 95%CI: -0.286 to -0.054). Conclusions In elderly patients with NVAF and hypertension, adherence to the ABC pathway and strict blood pressure control (<140 mmHg) are crucial for reducing the risk of ischemic stroke. Blood pressure control serves not only as an independent protective factor but also as a key mediating mechanism through which the ABC pathway exerts cardiovascular protective effects.

Objective To explore the association between LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (LHR) and colorectal adenoma (CRA) in the elderly, and to construct and validate a nomogram prediction model suitable for non-invasive risk assessment of CRA in the elderly, thereby mitigating the limitations of colonoscopy screening. Methods A total of 329 elderly individuals were enrolled in this study, comprising 194 participants in the adenoma group and 135 cases in the non-adenoma group. Baseline demographic and clinical data were collected, including age, body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), Helicobacter pylori infection (Hp+), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), and total cholesterol (TC). The lipid ratios LDL-C/HDL-C (LHR) and TG/HDL-C (THR), as well as the derived index (TC-HDL-C)/HDL-C (NHHR), were calculated. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors for CRA. The predictive ability of the model was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, net reclassification improvement (NRI), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and decision curve analysis (DCA). Results Significant differences between the adenoma and non-adenoma groups were observed in age, BMI, HbA1c, Hp+, presence of fatty liver, LHR, THR, and NHHR (P<0.05). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that age(OR=1.049)、BMI(OR=1.176)、Hp+(OR=1.989)、LHR(OR=2.689), and HbA1c(OR=1.684) were independent predictors of CRA in the elderly (all P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for the model incorporating LHR was 0.716, which was significantly higher than that of the model without LHR (AUC=0.697). NRI and IDI analyses further demonstrated that inclusion of LHR improved the model’s risk predictive capacity (P=0.006). Conclusions LHR is independently associated with CRA. The prediction model incorporating LHR significantly improves the risk predictive capability for CRA in the elderly.

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics of elderly patients with herpes zoster and the risk factors for postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Methods The clinical data of 239 patients over 60 years old with herpes zoster admitted to Department of Dermatology of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from May 2024 to May 2025 were retrospectively analyzed. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were used to explore the risk factors for PHN in elderly patients with herpes zoster. Results The average age of elderly inpatients with herpes zoster was (71.78±8.33) years old. 41 cases (17.15%)developed PHN after treatment. Univariate analysis showed that there were statistical differences in the incidence of PHN among patients with different ages, severity of skin lesions, history of immunosuppressive medication, acute pain, and levels of hemoglobin and albumin (P<0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age range of 70-79 years old, history of immunosuppressive medication, severe pain in acute stage, low hemoglobin level and low albumin level were the main risk factors for PHN. Conclusions The incidence of PHN is high in elderly patients with herpes zoster. Patients with older age, history of immunosuppression, severe pain in acute stage, low hemoglobin level and low albumin level may be more likely to experience PHN. It is necessary to identify risk factors for PHN and provide standardized and reasonable treatment in the early stage.

The global aging trend poses significant public health challenges, with elderly stroke being particularly severe. The unique characteristics of elderly patients, such as frailty, multimorbidity, and polypharmacy, lead to extreme complexity in risk-benefit assessment and a gap between clinical guidelines and practice. This paper systematically reviews evidence-based management for elderly stroke and proposes a data-driven integrated “prevention, treatment, management, and rehabilitation” paradigm empowered by AI and digital technology. Optimized for elderly vulnerability, the paradigm explores precision risk control in “prevention”, reperfusion therapy and the “tissue window” concept in “treatment”, stroke unit-based continuous quality improvement in “management”, and the transformative role of telemedicine and wearables in “rehabilitation”. Finally, implementation barriers and equity challenges are analyzed. Building an integrated system that combines clinical evidence with cutting-edge digital technology is the core path to improving outcomes for elderly stroke patients.

Cardiac rehabilitation serves as a cornerstone of non-pharmacological intervention for cardiovascular diseases in the elderly, demonstrating significant value in improving cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and reducing rehospitalization rates. However, elderly patients often present with complex conditions such as chronic heart insufficiency, and traditional rehabilitation models face challenges including poor adherence and insufficient monitoring. Wearable devices, leveraging age-friendly design, real-time physiological monitoring, and remote interaction capabilities, have emerged as innovative solutions for geriatric cardiac rehabilitation. This article systematically reviews advancements in wearable device applications across three domains: exercise prescription adjustment, cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and quality-of-life improvement, and real-time safety alert monitoring. Drawing on domestic and international clinical evidence, it explores the practical value and future directions of wearable devices in geriatric cardiac rehabilitation, providing references for clinical implementation and practice.

This article aims to investigate the central role of macrophage senescence in the disruption of the immune microenvironment in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and to explore related therapeutic prospects. It systematically elaborates on the key mechanism by which senescent macrophages, through their unique senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), disrupt immune homeostasis, promote fibroblast activation, and drive excessive extracellular matrix deposition, thereby contributing to the pathogenesis and progression of IPF. Based on this, the article further reviews therapeutic strategies, including senolysis (targeted clearance of senescent cells), SASP inhibition, and macrophage reprogramming. Finally, it emphasizes that future research should focus on elucidating the specific functions and transformation trajectories of various macrophage subpopulations at different disease stages. A shift in therapeutic paradigms toward combined targeting strategies is proposed, along with advancing the application of personalized treatment in clinical practice.

This review summarizes research advances in sarcopenia screening technologies, focusing on novel assessment methods based on biomechanical indicators such as lower limb muscle strength and plantar pressure, as well as the application potential of wearable devices and machine learning technologies in this field. Advancements in wearable sensor technology have made it possible to continuously and Objectively collect gait, balance, and plantar pressure data in natural conditions. By integrating machine learning algorithms, these devices can extract characteristic patterns associated with sarcopenia from multidimensional data to construct highly accurate risk prediction models. Future research should focus on optimizing sensor design, developing more robust and interpretable algorithmic models, and conducting multicenter clinical studies to advance sarcopenia screening technologies toward home-based, community-based, and personalized applications. These developments will ultimately enable early identification, dynamic monitoring, and effective intervention of sarcopenia, thereby improving the quality of life and health outcomes for the elderly population.